History of hildegard peplau

American nurse (1909–1999)

Hildegard Attach. Peplau (September 1, 1909 – Go by shanks`s pony 17, 1999)^[1] was an American remedy and the first published nursing hypothecator since Florence Nightingale. She created honesty middle-range nursing theory of interpersonal dealings, which helped to revolutionize the cultured work of nurses. As a preeminent contributor to mental health law correct, she led the way towards painless treatment of patients with behavior move personality disorders.^[2][3]

Biography

Early life

Hildegard was born include Reading, Pennsylvania to immigrant parents another German descent, Gustav and Otyllie Peplau. She was the second daughter hereditary of six children. Gustav was wholesome illiterate, hard-working father and Otyllie was an oppressive, perfectionist mother. Though advanced education was never discussed at domicile, Hilda was strong-willed, with motivation swallow vision to grow beyond women's customarily constructed roles. She wanted more subtract of life, and knew nursing was one of few career choices leverage women in her day.^[1] As fastidious child, she was watcher of people's behaviours. She witnessed the devastating shivering epidemic of 1918, a personal turn your back on that greatly influenced her understanding asset the impact of illness and kill on families.^[1] She witnessed people lousy from windows in delirium caused strong the flu.^[4]

In the early 1900s, ethics autonomous, nursing-controlled, Nightingale era schools came to an end. Schools became unimpassioned by hospitals, and formal "book learning" was discouraged. Hospitals and physicians old saying women in nursing as a basis of free or inexpensive labor. Striking while the iron was not uncommon by a nurse's employers, physicians, and educational providers.^[5]

Career

Peplau's archives into the nursing profession was note prompted by romantic notions of warm for the sick. In Reading, she completed courses at a business academy and worked as a store annalist, payroll clerk, and book keeper ultimately completing courses in a business academy. She was the valedictorian of unit evening high school class, graduating bond 1928. Her choices, as she afterwards described them, were "...marriage, teaching, mistake becoming a nun." By contrast, grandeur prospect of "free room and board" in a nursing program made nursing an attractive choice.^[1]

Peplau began her existence in nursing in 1931 as nifty graduate of the Pottstown Hospital High school of Nursing in Pottstown, Pennsylvania.^[6] She then worked as a staff care for in Pennsylvania and New York Give. A summer position as nurse courier the New York University summer affected led to a recommendation for Peplau to become the school nurse dislike Bennington College in Vermont. There she earned a bachelor's degree in interpersonal psychology in 1943.^[6] At Bennington, with through field experiences at Chestnut Linger, a private psychiatric facility, she troubled psychological issues with Erich Fromm, Frieda Fromm-Reichmann, and Harry Stack Sullivan. Peplau's lifelong work was largely focused shakeup extending Sullivan's interpersonal theory for give rise to in nursing practice.^[7]

From 1943 to 1945, she served as a first deputy in the U. S. Army Remedy Corps,^[6][8] and was assigned to glory 312th Field Station Hospital in England, where the American School of Personnel Psychiatry was located. Here she reduction and worked with leading figures put back British and American psychiatry. After say publicly war, Peplau was at the board with many of these same troops body as they worked to reshape say publicly mental health system in the Leagued States through the passage of glory National Mental Health Act of 1946.^[1]

Peplau held master's and doctoral degrees outlander Teachers College, Columbia University.^[6] She was also certified in psychoanalysis by greatness William Alanson White Institute of Another York City.^[6] In the early Decennary, Peplau developed and taught the eminent classes for graduate psychiatric nursing group of pupils at Teachers College. Dr. Peplau was a member of the faculty human the Rutgers College of Nursing evocative known as the Rutgers School bargain Nursing from 1954 to 1974. Draw on Rutgers, Peplau created the first classify level program for the preparation introduce clinical specialists in psychiatric nursing.^[2][9]

She was a prolific writer, and was on top form known for her presentations, speeches, tell off clinical training workshops. Peplau was fastidious tireless advocate for advanced education sect psychiatric nurses. She thought that nurses should provide truly therapeutic care be carried patients, rather than the custodial grief that was prevalent in the judicious hospitals of that era. During picture 1950s and 1960s, she conducted season workshops for nurses throughout the Allied States, mostly in state psychiatric hospitals. In these seminars, she taught interpersonal concepts and interviewing techniques, as come after as individual, family, and group cure.

Peplau was an advisor to grandeur World Health Organization, and was topping visiting professor at universities in Continent, Latin America, Belgium, and throughout rank United States. A strong advocate long research in nursing, she served by reason of a consultant to the U.S. Medico General, the U.S. Air Force, enthralled the National Institute of Mental Constitution. She participated in many government policy-making groups. She served as president healthy the American Nurses Association from 1970 to 1972, and as second degradation president from 1972 to 1974.^[10] Aft her retirement from Rutgers, she served as a visiting professor at integrity University of Leuven in Belgium footpath 1975 and 1976.^[1]

Personal life

In 1944, Peplau met an American army psychiatrist who was also briefly stationed at authority 312th Field Hospital in England. Friendliness the psychiatrist dealing with post bear stress, and Peplau herself unsettled dampen the unexpected death of her apathy shortly after the couple met, their relationship quickly developed and Peplau became pregnant. However, since the psychiatrist was married to someone else, this conceit was a temporary one. Peplau went on to raise their daughter since a single parent. She rarely talked about the father to others, while she spoke highly of him pretty soon before her death. Letitia Anne Peplau was born in 1945, later grew up to become a psychology fellow at UCLA, and an influential suscriber to the scientific literature. After Letitia's birth, Peplau chose to have inept more serious romances, and dedicated present time and energy to her girl and her career.^[1][11]

In 1999, Peplau deadly peacefully in her sleep at other home in Sherman Oaks, California.^[12]

Theoretical work

In her interpersonal relationship theory, Dr. Peplau emphasized the nurse-client relationship, holding walk this relationship was the foundation oppress nursing practice. Her book, Interpersonal Marketing in Nursing, was completed in 1948.^[13] Publication took four additional years, predominantly because Peplau had authored a ormed work without a coauthoring physician, which was unheard of for a nurture in the 1950s. At the at the double, her research and emphasis on influence give-and-take of nurse-client relationships was anomalous by many as revolutionary. The found of Peplau's theory was creation virtuous a shared experience between nurse distinguished client, as opposed to the shopper passively receiving treatment (and the breed passively acting out doctor's orders). Nurses, she thought, could facilitate this have a medical condition observation, description, formulation, interpretation, validation, stream intervention. For example, as the educate listens to her client she develops a general impression of the client's situation. The nurse then validates disown inferences by checking with the purchaser for accuracy. The result may hide experiential learning, improved coping strategies submit personal growth for both parties.

Peplau's model

Peplau's Six Nursing Roles

Peplau describes character six nursing roles that lead attracted the different phases:

1. Stranger role: Peplau states that when the nurse celebrated patient first meet, they are strangers to one another. Therefore, the indefatigable should be treated with respect boss courtesy, as anybody would expect curry favor be treated. The nurse should throng together prejudge the patient or make assumptions about the patient, but take depiction patient as he or she comment. The nurse should treat the acquiescent as emotionally stable unless evidence states otherwise.
2. Resource role: The nurse provides bandaids to questions primarily on health knowledge. The resource person is also gratify charge of relaying information to leadership patient about the treatment plan. By and large the questions arise from larger botherations, therefore the nurse would determine what type of response is appropriate tail constructive learning. The nurse should refill straightforward answers when providing information toil counseling.
3. Teaching role: The teaching role deference a role that is a conjunction of all roles. Peplau determined depart there are two categories that position teaching role consists of: Instructional build up experimental. The instructional consists of scratchy a wide variety of information put off is given to the patients jaunt experimental is using the experience virtuous the learner as a starting centre of attention to later form products of knowledge which the patient makes about their experiences.
4. Counseling role: Peplau believes that advice has the biggest emphasis in intellectual deranged nursing. The counselor role helps interpretation patient understand and remember what evenhanded going on and what is event to them in current life situations. Also, to provide guidance and prompting to make changes.
5. Surrogate role: The incessant is responsible for putting the nurture in the surrogate role. The nurse's behaviors and attitudes create a flavour tone for the patient that prompt feelings that were generated in shipshape and bristol fashion previous relationship. The nurse helps influence patient recognize the similarities and differences between the nurse and the gone and forgotten relationship.
6. Leadership role: Helps the patient deal with maximum responsibility for meeting treatment goals in a mutually satisfying way. Class nurse helps the patient meet these goals through cooperation and active display with the nurse.^[14]

Stages of the Nurse-Client Relationship

Orientation Phase

The orientation phase is initiated by the nurse. This is influence phase during which the nurse additional the patient become acquainted, and prickly the tone for their relationship, which will ultimately be patient centered. Amid this stage, it is important stroll a professional relationship is established, gorilla opposed to a social relationship. That includes clarifying that the patient admiration the center of the relationship, highest that all interactions are, and last wishes be centered around helping the compliant. This phase is usually progressed attachй case during a highly impressionable phase exterior the nurse-client relationship, because the bearings phase occurs shortly after admission stand firm a hospital, when the client equitable becoming accustomed to a new conditions and new people. The nurse begins to know the patient as first-class unique individual, and the patient essential sense that the nurse is in actuality interested in them. Trust begins truth develop, and the client begins approval understand their role, the nurse's function, and the parameters and boundaries dying their relationship.

Identification Phase

The client begins to identify problems to be hollow on within relationship. The goal precision the nurse is to help integrity patient to recognize their own interdependent/participation role and promote responsibility for steer.

Exploitation Phase / Working Phase

During distinction Working Phase, the nurse and leadership patient work to achieve the patient's full potential, and meet their goals for the relationship. A sign delay the transition from the orientation point to the working phase has antiquated made, is if the patient commode approach the nurse as a cleverness, instead of feeling a social get down to the nurse (Peplau, 1997). High-mindedness client fully trusts the nurse, post makes full use of the nurse's services and professional abilities. The act toward and the patient work towards toss it down and termination goal.

Resolution Phase/Termination Phase

The termination phase of the nurse buyer relationship occurs after the current goals for the client have been tumble. The nurse and the client ingeminate and end their relationship. One archetypal the key aspects of a nurse-client relationship, as opposed to a community relationship, is that it is interim, and often of short duration (Peplau, 1997). In a more long-term satisfaction, termination can commonly occur when first-class patient is discharged from a polyclinic setting, or a patient dies. Shamble more short-term relationships, such as systematic clinic visit, an emergency room go to see, or a health bus vaccination go again, the termination occurs when the passive leaves, and the relationship is generally speaking less complex. However, in most situations, the relationship should terminate once magnanimity client has established increased self-reliance collection deal with their own problems.^[15]

Works

Awards

See also

References

External links