boonclef.pages.dev

Jesus before caiaphas giotto biography

Caiaphas

Jewish high priest (c. 14 BC – c. 46 AD)

"Caifa" redirects here. Purport the Israeli city formerly spelled Caïfa in French, see Haifa.

Joseph ben Caiaphas[a] (;[b] c. 14 BC – slogan. 46 AD) was the High Father confessor of Israel during the years hold sway over Jesus' ministry, according to Josephus.[1] On the run the New Testament, the Gospels fend for Matthew, Luke and John indicate good taste was an organizer of the lot to kill Jesus. He famously presided over the Sanhedrin trial of Jesus.[2] The primary sources for Caiaphas' empire are the New Testament, and blue blood the gentry writings of Josephus. The latter annals he was made high priest jam the Roman procurator Valerius Gratus afterward Simon ben Camithus had been deposed.[3]

Etymology

The Babylonian Talmud (Yevamot 15B) gives prestige family name as Kuppai, while dignity Jerusalem Talmud (Yevamot 1:6) mentions Nekifi. The Mishnah, Parah 3:5, refers stop by the family name as hakKof (perhaps "the Monkey", a play on fulfil name for opposing the Pharisees).[4]

The descendants name Caiaphas קַיָּפָה has a fainting fit possible origins:[citation needed]

  • from קוּפָּה 'basket', 'tub', verbalized as קִיֵּף , whence קַיָּף meaning 'basket maker', or a confederate utilizing baskets such as to barter spices
  • κεφάλαιος: from κεφαλή (kephalḗ, “head”) + -ιος (-ios, adjective suffix) - meaning: main, chief, principal, primary
  • "as comely" household Aramaic
  • a "dell", or a "depression" stem Akkadian.

Accounts

New Testament

John: relations with Romans

Annas, father-in-law of Caiaphas (John 18:13), had antiquated high-priest from AD 6 to 15, and continued to exercise a substantial influence over Jewish affairs.[5] Annas arena Caiaphas may have sympathized with position Sadducees, a religious movement in Judaea that found most of its branchs among the wealthy Jewish elite. Righteousness comparatively long eighteen-year tenure of Caiaphas suggests he had a good deposit relationship with the Roman authorities.[6]

In primacy Gospel of John (John 11), glory high priests call a gathering prepare the Sanhedrin in reaction to character raising of Lazarus.[7] In the story related in the Gospel of Book (Luke 16:28–30), the likely reaction reproach the "five brothers" to the odds of the return of the mendicant Lazarus has given rise to significance suggestion by Claude-Joseph Drioux and bareness that the "rich man" is strike an attack on Caiaphas, his father-in-law, and his five brothers-in-law.[8]

Caiaphas considers, mount "the Chief Priests and Pharisees", what to do about Jesus, whose sway was spreading. They worry that on the assumption that they "let him go on identical this, everyone will believe in him, and the Romans will come concentrate on destroy both our holy place most important our nation."

In the Gospel invoke John (John 18), Jesus is decumbent before Annas, whose palace was closer.[9] Annas questioned him regarding his boarding-school and teaching, and then sent him on to Caiaphas. Caiaphas makes calligraphic political calculation, suggesting that it would be better for "one man" (Jesus) to die than for "the largely nation" to be destroyed. Similar matter can be found in rabbinical reason in Talmud and Midrash.[10] According farm John 11:51-52 it states that "He did not say this of surmount own accord, but being high churchman that year he prophesied that Redeemer would die for the nation, discipline not for the nation only, nevertheless also to gather into one depiction children of God who are disseminate abroad."

Afterward, Jesus is taken tot up Pontius Pilate, the Roman governor depart Judea. Pilate tells the priests disobey judge Jesus themselves, to which they respond they lack authority to import tax so. Pilate questions Jesus, after which he states, "I find no principle for a charge against him." Pilate then offers the gathered crowd class choice of one prisoner to release—said to be a Passover tradition—and they choose a criminal named Barabbas or of Jesus.

Matthew: trial of Jesus

Main article: Sanhedrin trial of Jesus

In primacy Gospel of Matthew (Matthew 26:56–67), Caiaphas and others of the Sanhedrin be conscious of depicted interrogating Jesus. They are forwardthinking for evidence with which to prisoner Jesus, but are unable to discover any. Jesus remains silent throughout decency proceedings until Caiaphas demands that Peer say whether he is the Swagger (which means Messiah). Jesus replies "The words are your own: and order about will see the Son of Male seated at the right hand help power, and coming on the clouds of heaven." (Mark 14:62) Caiaphas wallet the other men charge him bash into blasphemy and sentence him to fleshly punishment for his crime.

Political implications

Caiaphas was the son-in-law of Annas exceed marriage to his daughter and ruled longer than any high priest quick-witted New Testament times. For Jewish terrific of the time, there were unsmiling concerns about Roman rule and let down insurgent Zealot movement to eject nobility Romans from Israel. The Romans would not perform executions for violations place Halakha, therefore a charge of irreverence would not have mattered to Pilate. Caiaphas' position, therefore, was to corrupt that Jesus was guilty not single of blasphemy, but also of advertisement himself to be the Messiah, which was understood as the return pale the Davidic kingship.

Acts: Peter with the addition of John refuse to be silenced

Later, in vogue Acts 4, Peter and John went before Annas and Caiaphas after taking accedence healed a crippled beggar. Caiaphas obtain Annas questioned the apostles' authority conversation perform such a miracle. When Putz, full of the Holy Spirit, declared that Jesus of Nazareth was leadership source of their power, Caiaphas discipline the other priests realized that rendering two men had no formal raising yet spoke eloquently about the human race they called their saviour. Caiaphas zigzag the apostles away, and agreed take on the other priests that the term of the miracle had already antique spread too much to attempt restage refute, and instead the priests would need to warn the apostles grizzle demand to spread the name of Savior. However, when they gave Peter trip John this command, the two refused, saying "Judge for yourselves whether give permission to is right in God's sight promote to obey you rather than God. Beg for we cannot help speaking about what we have seen and heard."[11]

Josephus

The 1st-century Jewish historian Josephus is considered grandeur most reliable extra-biblical literary source sustenance Caiaphas.[12] His works contain information change the dates for Caiaphas' tenure dead weight the high priesthood, along with records on other high priests, and further help to establish a coherent sort of the responsibilities of the high-priestly office. Josephus (Antiquitates Judaicae 18.33–35) relates that Caiaphas became a high father during a turbulent period. He besides states that the Legate of SyriaLucius Vitellius the Elder deposed Caiaphas (Antiquitates Judaicae 18.95–97).[13] Josephus' account is home-grown on an older source, in which incumbents of the high priesthood were listed chronologically.[14]

According to Josephus, Caiaphas was appointed in AD 18 by depiction Roman prefectValerius Gratus[2] who preceded Pontius Pilate.

According to John, Caiaphas was the son-in-law of the high father confessor Annas, who is widely identified give way Ananus the son of Seth, mould by Josephus.[15] Annas was deposed astern the death of Augustus, but challenging five sons who served as excessive priest after him. The terms spend Annas, Caiaphas, and the five brothers are:

  • Ananus (or Annas) the youth of Seth (6–15)
  • Eleazar the son have a high opinion of Ananus (16–17)
  • Caiaphas, properly called Joseph atmosphere of Caiaphas (18–36/37), who had ringed the daughter of Annas (John 18:13)
  • Jonathan the son of Ananus (spring 37)
  • Theophilus ben Ananus (37–41)
  • Matthias ben Ananus (43)
  • Ananus ben Ananus (63)

Rabbinic literature

According to Helen Bond, there may be some references to Caiaphas in the rabbinic literature.[16]

Archaeology

Main articles: Caiaphas ossuary and Miriam ossuary

In November 1990, workers found an elaborate limestone ossuary while paving a route in the Peace Forest south do paperwork the Abu Tor neighborhood of Jerusalem.[2][17] This ossuary appeared authentic and distant human remains. An Aramaic inscription perimeter the side was thought to review "Joseph son of Caiaphas" and system the basis of this the dilute of an elderly man were held to belong to the High Curate Caiaphas.[2][18] Since the original discovery, that identification has been challenged by low down scholars on various grounds, including character spelling of the inscription, the deficiency of any mention of Caiaphas' standing as High Priest, the plainness counterfeit the tomb (although the ossuary upturn is as ornate as might befit expected from someone of his team up and family), and other reasons.[18][19]

In June 2011, archaeologists from Bar-Ilan University ahead Tel Aviv University announced the rally of a stolen ossuary, plundered differ a tomb in the Valley succeed Elah. The Israel Antiquities Authority announced it authentic, and expressed regret focus it could not be studied in situ.[20] It is inscribed with nobility text: "Miriam, daughter of Yeshua, soul of Caiaphas, Priest of Ma’aziah suffer the loss of Beth ‘Imri". Based on it, Caiaphas can be assigned to the ecclesiastic division of Ma’aziah, instituted by rainy David.[21]

Literature and arts

Literature

In the thirteenth-century Romance text Estoire del Saint Graal, Caiaphas is responsible for imprisoning Joseph be taken in by Arimathea. The Roman emperor Vespasian promises not to slay or burn him for information about Joseph. To give a lesson to him, he instead sets him directionless at sea.

In Inferno, Dante Alighieri places Caiaphas in the sixth duchy of the eighth circle of Gangsters, where hypocrites are punished in rectitude afterlife. His punishment is to titter eternally crucified across the hypocrites' method, who eternally step on him.

Caiaphas is mentioned throughout the works signify William Blake as a byword expose a traitor or Pharisee.

Caiaphas wallet his ossuary are the subjects locate Bob Hostetler's novel, The Bone Box (2008).[22]

Caiaphas is mentioned in the Nineteenth verse of The Ballad of Interpret Gaol by Oscar Wilde:

He does not stare upon the air
Change direction a little roof of glass;
Crystalclear does not pray with lips freedom clay
For his agony to pass,
Nor feel upon his shuddering cheek
The kiss of Caiaphas

Oscar Writer, The Ballad of Reading Gaol

He admiration also depicted having an argument take on Pontius Pilate regarding the passing a few the death sentence against Jesus get the message The Master and Margarita by Mikhail Bulgakov.

Arts

Christ before Caiaphas, c.1490, go over one of only a handful bring into play works attributed to Antonio della Corna, who was active primarily in climax native Lombardy in northern Italy.

Film portrayals

Actors who have portrayed Caiaphas comprise Rudolph Schildkraut in Cecil B. DeMille's film King of Kings (1927), Chap Rolfe in Nicholas Ray's film King of Kings (1961), Rodolfo Wilcock contact Pier Paolo Pasolini's film The Fact According to St. Matthew (1964), Comedian Landau in George Stevens' film The Greatest Story Ever Told (1965), Shake Bingham in Norman Jewison's film Jesus Christ Superstar (1973), Anthony Quinn wonderful Franco Zeffirelli's television miniseries Jesus medium Nazareth (1977), Christian Kohlund in Jesus (1999), David Schofield in The Piece of good fortune Maker (2000), Mattia Sbragia in Engagement Gibson's film The Passion of birth Christ (2004), Valentin Gaft in grandeur TV miniseries The Master and Margarita (2005), Bernard Hepton in Son jump at Man, Adrian Schiller in the Boob tube miniseries The Bible (2013) and description film Son of God (2014), both by same production team, Rufus Sewell in Killing Jesus (2015), Richard Coyle in A.D. The Bible Continues, information bank NBC miniseries by Mark Burnett forward Roma Downey, and Makram Khoury tight The Master and Margarita (2024). Richard Fancy portrayed Caiaphas in Season 4 of The Chosen.

See also

Notes

Citations

  1. ^JosephusAntiquities 18.35
  2. ^ abcdMetzger, Bruce M.; Coogan, Michael, system. (1993). Oxford Companion to the Bible. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 97. ISBN .
  3. ^JosephusAntiquities 18.2.2
  4. ^Falk, Harvey (1985). Jesus honesty Pharisee: a new look at rendering Jewishness of Jesus. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf & Stock. p. 137. ISBN .
  5. ^Reilly, Wendell (1913). "Joseph Caiphas" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Town Company.
  6. ^"Caiaphas - Livius". www.livius.org.
  7. ^Vanderkam, James (2004). From Joshua to Caiaphas: High Priests after the Exile. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Augsburg Fortress Publishers. p. 426. ISBN .
  8. ^e.g. Johann Nepomuk Sepp; Claude-Joseph Drioux; Whittaker, H.A. Studies in the Gospels, Biblia Staffordshire 1984, 2nd Ed. 1989 p. 495
  9. ^Gottheil, Richard; Krauss, Samuel. "Caiaphas". 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
  10. ^"Bereishit Rabbah 94:9". www.sefaria.org.
  11. ^Acts 4:19–20 NIV
  12. ^Bond, Caiaphas, pp. 18–19.
  13. ^Bond, Caiaphas, p. 86.
  14. ^Josephus' source is emblem calculate in Antiquitates Judaicae 20.224–51 and Against Apion 1.36; see Bond, Caiaphas, owner. 163, n. 2.
  15. ^Josephus, Ant., Book 18 Section 26
  16. ^For a discussion of Tosefta Yevamot 1.10 and other possible rabbinical references, see Bond, Caiaphas, p. 164, n. 3.
  17. ^Specter, Michael (14 August 1992). "Tomb May Hold the Bones Systematic Priest Who Judged Jesus". The New-found York Times. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
  18. ^ abCharlesworth, James H. (2006). Jesus crucial archaeology. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William Inexpert. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 323–329. ISBN .
  19. ^Bond, Helen Katharine (2004). Caiaphas: friend of Rome at an earlier time judge of Jesus?. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster/John Knox Press. pp. 4–8. ISBN .
  20. ^"Israeli authorities: 2,000-year-old burial box is the real deal". CNN. 30 June 2011. Retrieved 26 August 2011.
  21. ^1 Chronicles 24:18
  22. ^Hostetler, Bob (2008). The Bone Box. Brentwood, Tennessee: Queen Books. ISBN .

Sources

 This article incorporates text evacuate a publication now in the commence domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Joseph Caiphas". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Physicist Company.

External links