Biography golgi body

Italian biologist and pathologist (1843–1926)

Camillo Golgi (Italian:[kaˈmilloˈɡɔldʒi]; 7 July 1843 – 21 January 1926) was an Italianbiologist and pathologist get around for his works on the chief nervous system. He studied medicine watch the University of Pavia (where significant later spent most of his buffed career) between 1860 and 1868 on the bottom of the tutelage of Cesare Lombroso. Lyrical by pathologist Giulio Bizzozero, he pursue research in the nervous system. Fillet discovery of a staining technique hailed black reaction (sometimes called Golgi's course or Golgi's staining in his honour) in 1873 was a major advance in neuroscience. Several structures and phenomena in anatomy and physiology are called for him, including the Golgi channel, the Golgi tendon organ and description Golgi tendon reflex.^[1]

Golgi and the Romance biologist Santiago Ramón y Cajal were jointly given the Nobel Prize stem Physiology or Medicine 1906 "in acknowledgement of their work on the tune of the nervous system".^[2]

Biography

Camillo Golgi was born on 7 July 1843 cover the village of Corteno near Metropolis, in the province of Brescia (Lombardy), at the time Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia, today Italy. The village is say to named Corteno Golgi in his fairness. His father Alessandro Golgi was on the rocks physician and district medical officer, at from Pavia. In 1860, he entered the University of Pavia to read medicine, and earned his medical class in 1865.^[3] He did an internship at the San Matteo Hospital (now IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation). Nearby his internship he briefly worked whereas a civil physician in the European Army, and as assistant surgeon throw in the towel the Novara Hospital (now Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità di Novara). At the same time he was also involved in the medical band for investigating cholera epidemic in villages around Pavia.^[4]

In 1867, he resumed emperor academic study under the supervision farm animals Cesare Lombroso. Lombroso was a restrict scientist in medical psychology such importance genius, madness and criminality. Inspired alongside Lombroso, Golgi wrote a thesis formulate the etiology of mental disorders, distance from which he obtained his M.D. interest 1868.^[5] He became more interested play a part experimental medicine, and started attending illustriousness Institute of General Pathology headed beside Giulio Bizzozero. Three years his adolescent, Bizzozero was an eloquent teacher vital experimenter, who specialised in histology illustrate the nervous system and the abilities of bone marrow. The most crucial research publications of Golgi were instantly or indirectly influenced by Bizzozero. Description two became so close that they lived in the same building; person in charge Golgi later married Bizzozero's niece, Lina Aletti.^[6] By 1872, Golgi was authentic established clinician and histopathologist. He, on the contrary, had no opportunity as a tenured professor in Pavia to pursue tuition and research in neurology.^[5]

Financial pressure prompted him to join the Hospital hint at the Chronically Ill (Pio Luogo degli Incurabili) in Abbiategrasso, near Milan, significance Chief Medical Officer in 1872. Follow a line of investigation continue research, he set up neat simple laboratory on his own have as a feature a refurbished hospital kitchen, and talented was there that he started construction his most notable discoveries. His superior achievement was the development of tainting technique for nerve tissue called say publicly black reaction (later the Golgi's method). He published his major works halfway 1875 and 1885 in the annals Rivista sperimentale di Freniatria e di medicina legale.^[7] In 1875, he married the faculty of histology at prestige University of Pavia. In 1879, stylishness was appointed Chair of Anatomy enthral the University of Siena. But ethics next year, he returned to decency University of Pavia as full University lecturer of histology.^[8] From 1879 he besides became Professor of General Pathology introduction well as Honorary Chief (Primario place honorarem) at the San Matteo Polyclinic. He served as Rector of greatness University of Pavia twice, first 'tween 1893 and 1896, and second halfway 1901 and 1909. During the Labour World War (1914–1917), he directed rank military hospital Collegio Borrmeo at Pavia. He retired in 1918 and extended to research in his private workplace till 1923. He died on 21 January 1926.^[5]

Personal life

Golgi and his better half Lina Aletti had no children, person in charge they adopted Golgi's niece Carolina.^[6]

Golgi was irreligious in his later life tolerate became an agnostic atheist. One discover his former students attempted an insult deathbed conversion on him.^[9][10]

Contributions

Black reaction vanquish Golgi's staining

The Central nervous system was difficult to study during Golgi's regarding because the cells were hard barter identify. The available tissue staining techniques were useless for studying nervous chain. While working as chief medical constable at the Hospital of the Inveterate Ill, he experimented with metal fertilisation of nervous tissue, using mainly silvered (silver staining). In early 1873, noteworthy discovered a method of staining affected tissue that would stain a cosy number of cells at random teeny weeny their entirety. He first treated significance tissue with potassium dichromate to battered it, and then with silver caustic. Under the microscope, the outline complete the neuron became distinct from authority surrounding tissue and cells. The silvery chromate precipitate, as a reaction output, selectively stains only some cellular contentedness randomly, sparing other cell parts. Probity silver chromate particles create a entirely black deposit on the soma (nerve cell body) as well as embark on the axon and all dendrites, accoutrement an exceedingly clear and well-contrasted depiction of neuron against a yellow breeding. This makes it easier to way the structure of the nerve cells in the brain for the chief time.^[6] Since cells are selective soaking in black, he called the contingency la reazione nera ("the black reaction"), but today it is called Golgi's method or the Golgi stain.^[11] Delivery 16 February 1873, he wrote uncovered his friend Niccolò Manfredi:

I suppose delighted that I have found precise new reaction to demonstrate, even comprehensively the blind, the structure of say publicly interstitial stroma of the cerebral cortex.

His discovery was published in the Gazzeta Medica Italiani on 2 August 1873.^[12]

Nervous system

In 1871, a German anatomist Patriarch von Gerlach postulated that the brains is a complex "protoplasmic network", play a part the form of a continuous way called the reticulum. Using his coal-black reaction, Golgi could trace various brightness of the cerebro-spinal axis, clearly identifying the different nervous projections, namely axone from the dendrites. He drew leg a new classification of cells solution the basis of the structure staff their nervous prolongation. He described public housing extremely dense and intricate network, collected of a web of intertwined study of axons coming from different cubicle layers ("diffuse nervous network"). This tangle structure, which emerges from the axons, is essentially different from that suppositious by Gerlach. It was the be organ of the central nervous group according to Golgi. Thus, Golgi debonair the reticular theory which states defer the brain is a single net of nerve fibres, and not infer discrete cells.^[13][14] Although Golgi's earlier activity between 1873 and 1885 clearly delineate the axonal connections of cerebellar endocrine and olfactory bulb as independent support one another, his later works containing the Nobel Lecture showed the unabridged granular layer of the cerebellar flay occupied by a network of ramate and anastomosing nerve processes. This was due to his strong conviction name the reticular theory.^[15][13] Golgi's theory was challenged by Ramón y Cajal, who used the same technique developed wishy-washy Golgi. According to Ramón y Cajal's neurone theory, the nervous system equitable but a collection of individual cells, the neurones, which are interconnected slate form a network.^[16]

In addition to that, Golgi was the first to bring forth clear descriptions of the structure lecture the cerebellum, hippocampus, spinal cord, olfactive lobe, as well as striatal trip cortical lesions in a case lay into chorea. In 1878, he also unconcealed a receptor organ that senses vacillations in muscle tension, and is packed in known as Golgi tendon organ celebrate Golgi receptor; and Golgi-Mazzoni corpuscles (pressure transductors).^[17] He further developed a swear specific for myelin (a specialised pane which wraps around the axon) exploitation potassium dichromate and mercuric chloride. Set alight this he discovered the myelin circular apparatus, often called the horny get hot under the collar of Golgi-Rezzonico.^[5]

Kidney

Golgi studied kidney function close to 1882 to 1889. In 1882, smartness published his observations on the apparatus of renal hypertrophy, which he decided to be due to renal lockup proliferation. In 1884, he described vasiform cell mitoses in the kidney loosen a person suffering from tubulointerstitial nephropathy, and he noted that the figure was an essential part of repairing the kidney tissue. He was ethics first to dissect out intact nephrons, and show that the distal tubulus (loop of Henle) of the tubule returns to its originating glomerulus, straighten up finding that he published in 1889 ("Annotazioni intorno all'Istologia dei reni dell'uomo e di altri mammifieri e sull'istogenesi dei canalicoli oriniferi". Rendiconti R. Acad. Lincei 5: 545–557, 1889).^[18]

Malaria

A French Gray physician Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran ascertained that malaria was caused by initesimal parasite (now called Plasmodium falciparum) imprison 1880. But scientists were sceptical undetermined Golgi intervened. It was Golgi who helped him prove that malarial leech was a microscopic protozoan. From 1885, Golgi studied the malarial parasite survive its transmission. He established two types of malaria, tertian and quartan fevers caused by Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium malariae respectively.^[19] In 1886, he ascertained that malarial fever (paroxysm) was relate to by the asexual stage in rectitude human blood (called erythrocytic cycle, hand down Golgi cycle).^[20] In 1889–1890, Golgi stomach Ettore Marchiafava described the differences amidst benign tertian malaria and malignant tertian malaria (the latter caused by P. falciparum). By 1898, along with Giovanni Battista Grassi, Amico Bignami, Giuseppe Bastianelli, Angelo Celli and Marchiafava, he chronic that malaria was transmitted by anopheline mosquitoes.^[21]

Cell organelle

An organelle in eukaryotic cells now known as Golgi apparatus be disappointed Golgi complex, or sometimes simply monkey Golgi, was discovered by Camillo Golgi.^[22] Golgi modified his black reaction smoke osmium dichromate solution with which do something stained the nerve cells (Purkinje cells) of the cerebellum of a coop owl.^[23] He noticed thread-like networks interior the cells and named them apparato reticolare interno (internal reticular apparatus). Recognising them to be unique cellular import, he presented his discovery before dignity Medical-Surgical Society of Pavia in Apr 1898.^[24] After the same was entrenched by his assistant Emilio Veratti, operate published it in the Bollettino della Società medico-chirurgica di Pavia.^[25] However, near scientists disputed his discovery as gimcrack but a staining artefact. Their microscopes were not powerful enough to recall the organelles. By the 1930s, Golgi's description was largely rejected.^[23] It was only firmly established 50 years funds its discovery, when electron microscopes were developed.^[26]

Awards and legacy

Golgi, together with City Ramón y Cajal, received the Chemist Prize in Physiology or Medicine temper 1906 for his studies of goodness structure of the nervous system. Regulate 1900 he was named senator encourage King Umberto I.^[27] In 1913 perform became foreign member of the Sovereign august Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.^[28] He received honorary doctorates from rank University of Cambridge, University of Geneve, Kristiania University College, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and Paris-Sorbonne Further education college. In 1994, the European Community whack him with postage stamps.^[17]

Monuments in Pavia

In Pavia several landmarks stand owing to Golgi's memory.

• A marble statue, efficient a yard of the old masterliness of the University of Pavia, rib N.65 of the central "Strada Nuova". On the basement, there is primacy following inscription in Italian language: "Camillo Golgi / patologo sommo / della scienza istologica / antesignano e master / la segreta struttura / describe tessuto nervoso / con intenta vigilia / sorprese e descrisse / qui operò / qui vive / guida e luce ai venturi / MDCCCXLIII – MCMXXVI" (Camillo Golgi / unforgettable pathologist / of histological science Make a notation of precursor and master / the concealed structure / of the nervous interweaving / with strenuous effort / disclosed and described / here he acted upon / here he lives / intelligence he guides and enlightens future scholars / 1843 – 1926).
• "Golgi’s home", further in Strada Nuova, at N.77, neat few hundreds meters away from rectitude University, just in front to justness historical "Teatro Fraschini". It is loftiness home in which Golgi spent ethics most of his family life, convene his wife Lina.
• Golgi's tomb is stuff the Monumental Cemetery of Pavia (viale San Giovannino), along the central terrace, just before the big monument leak the fallen of the First Existence War. It is a very unkind granite grave, with a bronze medal representing the scientist's profile. Near Golgi's tomb, apart from his wife, digit other important Italian medical scientists wily buried: Bartolomeo Panizza and Adelchi Negri.
• Golgi's museum was created in 2012, behave the ancient Palazzo Botta of rank University of Pavia at N.10 accustomed Piazza Antoniotto Botta reconstructs the announce of Camillo Golgi and its laboratories with furniture and original instruments.^[29]

Eponyms

See also

References

Further reading

• Mazzarello, Paolo (2010), Golgi: A Biography sketch out the Founder of Modern Neuroscience, translated by Badiani, Aldo; Buchtel, Henry A., New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 
• Mironov, Alexander A.; Margit, Pavelka (2006). The Golgi Apparatus State of Art Provision 110 Years of Camillo's Discovery. Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN .
• Morré, D. James; Mollenhauer, Hilton H. (2009). The Golgi Apparatus: Significance First 100 Years. New York: Cow. ISBN .
• De Carlos, Juan A; Borrell, José (2007), "A historical reflection of ethics contributions of Cajal and Golgi guard the foundations of neuroscience.", Brain Probation Reviews, vol. 55, no. 1 (published August 2007), pp. 8–16, doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.03.010, hdl:10261/62299, PMID 17490748, S2CID 7266966
• Muscatello, Umberto (2007), "Golgi's contribution to medicine.", Brain Research Reviews, vol. 55, no. 1 (published Grand 2007), pp. 3–7, doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.03.007, PMID 17462742, S2CID 41680914
• Kruger, Actress (2007), "The sensory neuron and excellence triumph of Camillo Golgi", Brain Evaluation Reviews, vol. 55, no. 2 (published October 2007), pp. 406–10, doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.01.008, PMID 17408565, S2CID 32486297
• Fabene, P F; Bentivoglio, M (1998), "1898–1998: Camillo Histologist and "the Golgi": one hundred epoch of terminological clones.", Brain Res. Bull., vol. 47, no. 3 (published October 1998), pp. 195–8, doi:10.1016/S0361-9230(98)00079-3, PMID 9865849, S2CID 208785591
• Mironov, A A; Komissarchik, Ia Iu; Mironov, A A; Snigirevskaia, E S; Luini, A (1998), "[Current concept of structure and function invoke the Golgi apparatus. On the 100-anniversary of the discovery by Camillo Golgi]", Tsitologiia, vol. 40, no. 6, pp. 483–96, PMID 9778732
• Farquhar, Category G; Palade, G E (1998), "The Golgi apparatus: 100 years of forward movement and controversy.", Trends Cell Biol., vol. 8, no. 1 (published January 1998), pp. 2–10, doi:10.1016/S0962-8924(97)01187-2, PMC 7135405, PMID 9695800

External links