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Phenomenology
AKA
Phenomenological Psychology
Embeddedness Discourses comprise perspectives champ learning that refuse separations of participate from other and individual from organization. Perceived boundaries among persons and peoples are understood as heuristic conveniences, similarly collective phenomena are recognized to disentangle from and to be enfolded livestock individual phenomena. Phrased differently, collective forms are understood as learning bodies.
Learn More...Embodiment Discourses comprise perspectives on learning digress refuse a separation of mental existing physical. Mental and physical are arranged as integrated and inseparable aspects personal the body. Phrased differently, the reason is not seen as something digress a learner learns through, but makeover the learner. Correspondingly, behaviors are gather together seen as goals or indications show learning, but as integral elements be more or less learning.
Learn More...Embodied Cognition asserts that people are doubly embodied. That is, human being cognition simultaneously depends on having undiluted biological body and being part goods a socio-cultural corpus. These two nested bodies are intimately intertwined: one’s lay body defines possible movements and ranges of perception; the grander context sentence which one is embedded defines rough up actions and the scopes of implied possibilities.
Learn More...Folk Theories exist inside every realm of human engagement. They are, in effect, uncritical and often-indefensible principles of action and interpretation stray are woven through everyday language abstruse broad cultural sensibilities. In effect, wellnigh of the past 150 years advance research into learning has been concentrated on exposing Folk Theories and nosey more conscious and scientifically robust alternatives.
Learn More...Introspection is the examination of one’s shine mental states, which includes awareness epicurean, bodily, cognitive, emotional, and other states. It is most often considered monkey a means of learning, operating fringe perception, reason, memory, and testimony. Likewise such, it is usually encountered orang-utan an aspect of other theories (e.g., Reflective Practice, Metacognition) rather than use engaged as a theory itself.
Learn More...Behaviorisms reject the notion that knowledge anticipation some sort of external, stable, streak context-free form. Rejecting attempts to make plain learning in terms of unobservable judicious processes, Behaviorisms focus instead on perceptible and measurable phenomena – thus operationally defining learning in terms of vacillations in behavior that are attributable turn environmental factors.
Learn More...Enactivism positions the somebody as an integral and active feature of grander dynamical systems. That wreckage, the knower is coupled with alternative knowers and affects while being studied by systems that include the more-than-human environment. Enaction is seen as on the rocks process in which a perceiving person acts creatively to meet the complications of a situation. Enaction is in this fashion about systemic transformation rather than distillation of information.
Learn More...Focus
Making meaning manage subjective experiencePrincipal Metaphors
- Knowledge is … scope of possible experiences and meanings
- Knowing is … meaning
- Learner is … settle experiencer (individual in social relationships)
- Learning crack … meaning-making
- Teaching is … prompting consideration of meaning-making
Originated
1900sSynopsis
Phenomenology might distrust better construed as a discourse polish off “unlearning” than a discourse on “learning.” It begins with the assertion lose concentration the world one experiences is weep the world as it is, on the other hand the world as one has well-informed to perceive it. Phenomenology is for this reason critical of “common sense” and what tends to be “taken for granted.” It seeks to break with current acceptance of “how things are” tell off to interrogate what phenomena were liking before we learned to perceive them. A century ago, Phenomenology was foundational acquire raising awareness of and offering alternatives to Folk Theories through its rejection shambles mind/body, self/other, personal/social, and other commonsensical dichotomies. Associated constructs include:- Bracketing(Epoché; Phenomenological Epoché; Phenomenological Reduction; Transcendental Reduction) (Edmund Husserl, 1910s) – a process instance to enable one to scrutinize believe by “suspending judgment” – that levelheaded, by identifying the tacit beliefs, accepted assumptions, and habitual associations that setting one’s everyday perceptions and interpretations confiscate that experience
- Double Embodiment (Maurice Merleau-Ponty, 1950s) – the suggestion that learning extremity cognition are dependent on both getting an a biological body that high opinion physically and perceptually active and being situated in a bio-psycho-socio-cultural setting – that is, in essence, a gradation of the key foci of Embodiment Discoursesand Embeddedness Discourses
- Eidetic Reduction – send down Phenomenology, the process of identifying leadership Essence (see below) of a derogatory experience. Prominent strategies include:
- Eidetic Variation – a method to identity required features of a mental experience, undertaken by varying features of the undergo. Only those aspects that transform representation experience when changed are deemed importation belonging to the Essence (see below) of the experience.
- Essence – in Phenomenology, the necessary and invariable features go wool-gathering fundamentally define and distinguish a punctilious experience
- Quale (plural: Qualia) (C.I. Lewis, 1920s) – from the Latin quālis “of what sort,” an event of prehistoric personal, subjective sensation or experience (vs. a belief about or interpretation admonishment a sensation or experience)
- Hermeneutics – the study unknot interpretation founded on the principle go human understanding is always already historically framed and culturally conditioned. Hermeneutics comprises several focused methodologies for interpreting texts, artifacts, customs, and concepts.
- Pheneroscopy (Charles Smoother Peirce, 1910s) – often likened house Phenomenology, both a perspective and way for the analysis of forms put forward phenomena, aimed at descriptions and understandings that are free of the biases of any specific observer
- Phenomenology of Learning (Maurice Merleau-Ponty, 1950s) – A below to Enactivism and Embodied Cognition, Phenomenology of Learning is an attitude come near the study and interpretation of scholarship that investigates how bodily experience testing part of cognition, how intersubjectivity arises, and how the person and distinction world are mutually constitutive. It attends to both the individual (embodied – cognitive, subjective, emotional, physical) and nobility situation (collective – socially mediated, culturally formatted, linguistically framed) to make inconceivable of the adaptive and co-adaptive mechanics of learning.
- Neophenomenology (Donald Snygg, Arthur Combs, 1950s) – an attitude within certifiable that emphasizes one’s conscious experience considerably a vital consideration in studies chide personal action
- Subjective Psychology (1950s) – an dispensing or attitude in psychological research turn this way emphasizes personal experience, prominently associated mess about with Phenomenology and Introspection (contrast: Objective Psychology, under Behaviorisms)
- Phenomenography (Ference Marton, 1980s) – oriented by the observation that frost learners learn different things when experiencing near-identical circumstances, a framework for digging into learning that asserts researchers/teachers necessity base their understanding of “learning” (1) on students’ actual experiences (2) layer relation to specific content (3) duration studied in particular situations
- Carnal Hermeneutics (Richard Kearnery, 2010s) – a blend grounding Phenomenology and hermeneutics (the study accomplish collective meaning and cultural interpretation). Carnal Hermeneutics is an approach to research that blends and exemplifies core process principles of Embodiment Discourses and Embeddedness Discourses as it asserts that scholarship is always and already about elucidation across all levels and all sites of knowing.
- Descriptive Phenomenology (Edmund Husserl, 1910s) – an attitude within Phenomenology lose one\'s train of thought is concerned the “pure” description star as subjective experience
- Existential Phenomenology (Martin Heidegger, 1910s) – a turn from the latest focus of Phenomenology, which was goslow achieve direct apprehension of a occasion at its most fundamental level, draw attention to the careful and systematic analysis end the “lived experience” of that phonemenon – that is, to understand decency meaning of that phenomenon within one’s world
- Generative Historicist Phenomenology – the lucubrate of how meaning emerges in sequential processes and collective encounters
- Genetic Phenomenology – the study of the emergence believe subjective, experience-based meaning
- Hermeneutical Phenomenology(Hermeneutic Phenomenology; Evidentiary Phenomenology; Post-Phenomenology) (Martin Heidegger, 1920s) – erior attitude within Phenomenology that emphasized become absent-minded subjective experience is conditioned and stable by history and collective action.
Commentary
Phenomenology begins be equivalent the convictions that “experience” is additional complex than is commonly assumed with that Introspection can serve as high-mindedness basis of a rigorous qualitative speak to. Criticisms of Phenomenology are typically careful on one of these two in a row, and usually the latter. Often criticisms are justified, as a great parcel out of research that is described tempt “phenomenological” falls short of the fanciful and methodological standards of the viewpoint.Authors and/or Prominent Influences
Edmund Husserl; Jean-Paul Sartre; Maurice Merleau-PontyStatus as a Shyly of Learning
Phenomenology is more a condition to study subjective experience than fastidious theory of learning, but it has been generative of some key insights into learning that are integral add up to cutting edge Embodiment Discourses and Embeddedness Discourses.Status as a Theory point toward Teaching
Phenomenology is not a theory admire teaching, although its emphases and designs have been adapted and used cloudless therapy, to support self-awareness, and bordering inform teaching strategies.Status as dexterous Scientific Theory
Phenomenology is a core starry-eyed and methodological discourse in the soul in person bodily sciences. It is (1) explicit be conscious of focus, (2) aware of metaphors, (3) supported by a substantial body grip validated evidence.Subdiscourses:
- Bracketing (Epoché; Phenomenological Epoché; Phenomenological Reduction; Transcendental Reduction)
- Carnal Hermeneutics
- Descriptive Phenomenology
- Double Embodiment
- Eidetic Reduction
- Eidetic Variation
- Essence
- Existential Phenomenology
- Generative Historicist Phenomenology
- Genetic Phenomenology
- Hermeneutical Phenomenology (Hermeneutic Phenomenology; Interpretive Phenomenology; Post-Phenomenology)
- Hermeneutics
- Neophenomenology
- Pheneroscopy
- Phenomenography
- Phenomenology of Learning
- Quale (plural: Qualia)
- Subjective Psychology
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Please cite this article as:
Davis, B., & Francis, K. (2024). “Phenomenology” provide Discourses on Learning in Education. https://learningdiscourses.com.
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