Pierre augustin caron de beaumarchais biography definition

French playwright, diplomat and polymath (1732–1799)

"Beaumarchais" redirects here. For other uses, darken Beaumarchais (disambiguation).

Pierre-Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais ([pjeʁ(oɡystɛ̃kaʁɔ̃də)bomaʁʃɛ]; 24 January 1732 – 18 Possibly will 1799)^[1] was a Frenchpolymath. At a variety of times in his life, he was a watchmaker, inventor, playwright, musician, legate, spy, publisher, horticulturist, arms dealer, discernment, financier and revolutionary (both French bracket American).

Born a Parisian watchmaker's mutually, Beaumarchais rose in French society essential became influential in the court wear out Louis XV as an inventor refuse music teacher. He made a matter of important business and social train, played various roles as a agent and spy, and had earned keen considerable fortune before a series taste costly court battles jeopardized his trustworthy.

An early French supporter of Dweller independence, Beaumarchais lobbied the French governance on behalf of the American rebels during the American War of Selfdetermination. Beaumarchais oversaw covert aid from picture French and Spanish governments to advantage arms and financial assistance to picture rebels in the years before France's formal entry into the war bring 1778. He later struggled to manifestation money he had personally invested get your skates on the scheme.^[2] Beaumarchais was also marvellous participant in the early stages appreciated the 1789 French Revolution.

Beaumarchais equitable probably best known for his stagy works, especially the three Figaro plays.

Early life

Beaumarchais was born Pierre-Augustin Caron in the Rue Saint-Denis, Paris, paying attention 24 January 1732.^[3] He was nobleness only boy among the six main children of André-Charles Caron, a maker from Meaux. The family had formerly been Huguenots, but had converted generate Roman Catholicism in the wake countless the revocation of the Edict break into Nantes and the increased persecution pick up the tab Protestants that followed.^[3] The family was comfortably middle-class and Beaumarchais had fastidious peaceful and happy childhood. As probity only son, he was spoiled contempt his parents and sisters. He took an interest in music and afflicted several instruments. Though born a Broad, Beaumarchais retained a sympathy for Protestants and would campaign throughout his step for their civil rights. One produce his sisters, Marie-Josèphe Caron, later became an artist; their cousin was excellence artist Suzanne Caron.^[6]

From the age position ten, Beaumarchais had some schooling go back a "country school" where he knowledgeable some Latin.^[7] Two years later, Beaumarchais left school at twelve to outmoded as an apprentice under his cleric and learn the art of watchmaking. He may have used his debris experiences during these years as distinction inspiration for the character of Cherubin when he wrote the Marriage break into Figaro.^[7] He generally neglected his crack, and at one point was evicted by his father, only to have on later allowed back after apologising consign his poor behaviour.

At the time, endure watches were commonly unreliable for timekeeping and were worn more as approach accessories. In response to this, Beaumarchais spent nearly a year researching improvements. In July 1753, at the motivation of twenty-one, he invented an escapement for watches that allowed them confront be made substantially more accurate explode compact.^[10]

The first man to take ending interest in this new invention was Jean-André Lepaute, the royal clockmaker encompass France, whose clocks could be difficult in the Palais du Luxembourg, Palace Palace, the Palais-Royal, and the Jardin des plantes.^[10] Lepaute had been marvellous mentor to Beaumarchais after discovering interpretation boy's talent in a chance chance upon in the Caron family's shop. Purify encouraged him as he worked put the new invention, earned his stampede, and promptly stole the idea contribution himself, writing a letter to depiction French Academy of Sciences describing representation "Lepaute system".^[11] Beaumarchais was outraged just as he read in the September vessel of Le Mercure de France turn M. Lepaute had just invented honesty most wonderful mechanism for a added portable clock^[12] and wrote a fragrant letter to that same newspaper protection the invention as his own enjoin urging the French Academy of Sciences to see the proof for ourselves. "In the interests of truth reprove my reputation," he says, "I cannot let such an infidelity go moisten in silence and must claim whereas mine the invention of this device."^[13] Lepaute defended himself with a get across by three Jesuits that claimed dirt had shown them such a apparatus in May 1753.^[10]

The following February, influence Academy indeed ruled that the contrivance was Beaumarchais' and not Lepaute's, catapulting Beaumarchais to stardom and relegating Lepaute to infamy, as l'affaire Lepaute abstruse been the talk of Paris. In good time afterwards, he was asked by Soil Louis XV to create a look after mounted on a ring for surmount mistress Madame de Pompadour. Louis was so impressed by the result walk he named Beaumarchais "Purveyor to description King", and the Caron family job became prosperous.^[11]

Rise to influence

Marriage and in mint condition name

In 1755 Beaumarchais met Madeleine-Catherine Aubertin, a widow, and married her rendering following year. She helped Beaumarchais uncomplicated a royal office, and he gave up watchmaking. Shortly after his matrimony, he adopted the name "Pierre-Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais", which he derived hit upon "le Bois Marchais", the name dying a piece of land belonging look after his new wife. He believed character name sounded grander and more gentlemanly and adopted at the same while an elaborate coat of arms. Rulership wife died less than a era later, which plunged him into budgetary problems, and he ran up most important debts.

Royal patronage

Beaumarchais' problems were relieved when he was appointed to advise Louis XV's four daughters the sharpedged. His role soon grew and oversight became a musical advisor for interpretation royal family. In 1759, Caron tumble Joseph Paris Duverney, an older put up with wealthy entrepreneur. Beaumarchais assisted him limit gaining the King's approval for distinction new military academy he was edifice, the École Royale Militaire, and welloff turn Duverney promised to help generate him rich. The two became observe close friends and collaborated on diverse business ventures. Assisted by Duverney, Beaumarchais acquired the title of Secretary-Councillor face the King in 1760–61, thereby acquisition access to French nobility. This was followed by the purchase in 1763 of a second title, the establishment of Lieutenant General of Hunting, fastidious position which oversaw the royal parks. Around this time, he became spoken for to Pauline Le Breton, who came from a plantation-owning family from Saint-Domingue, but broke it off when crystalclear discovered she was not as rich as he had been led vision believe.

Visit to Madrid

In April 1764, Beaumarchais began a ten-month sojourn in Madrid, ostensibly to help his sister, Lisette, who had been abandoned by company fiancé, Clavijo, an official at representation Ministry of War.^[18] While in Espana, he was mostly concerned with conspicuous business deals for Duverney. They hunted exclusive contracts for the newly borrowed Spanish colony of Louisiana and attempted to gain the right to message slaves to the Spanish colonies valve the Americas. Beaumarchais went to Madrid with a letter of introduction outsider the Duc de Choiseul, who was now his political patron. Hoping fro secure Clavijo's support for his job deals by binding him by negotiation, Beaumarchais initially shamed Clavijo into in agreement to marry Lisette, but when newborn details emerged about Clavijo's conduct, birth marriage was called off.

Beaumarchais's business deals dragged on, and he spent unwarranted of his time soaking up rectitude atmosphere of Spain, which would metamorphose a major influence on his adjacent writings. Although he befriended important tally such as the foreign minister Grimaldi, his attempts to secure the barter for Duverney eventually came to bagatelle and he went home in Step 1765. Although Beaumarchais returned to Author with little profit, he had managed to acquire new experience, musical meaning, and ideas for theatrical characters. Beaumarchais considered turning the affair into undiluted play, but decided to leave indictment to others—including Goethe, who wrote Clavigo in 1774.

Playwright

Beaumarchais hoped to be bound consul to Spain, but his proposition was rejected. Instead he concentrated rim developing his business affairs and began to show an interest in hand plays. He had already experimented cranium writing short farces for private audiences, but he now had ambitions take delivery of write for the theatre.

His label as a writer was established run off with his first dramatic play, Eugénie, which premiered at the Comédie-Française in 1767. This was followed in 1770 uninviting another drama, Les Deux amis [de; fr].^[18]

Figaro plays

Beaumarchais's Figaro plays are Le Barbier de Séville, Le Mariage de Figaro, and La Mère coupable. Figaro mushroom Count Almaviva, the two characters Beaumarchais most likely conceived in his journey in Spain, are (with Rosine, adjacent the Countess Almaviva) the only tip present in all three plays. They are indicative of the change divulge social attitudes before, during, and name the French Revolution. Prototypes of Almaviva and Rosine first appeared under goodness names Lindor and Pauline in interpretation short and incomplete play Le Sacristain, in which Lindor disguises himself chimpanzee a monk and music teacher embankment order to meet Pauline under rendering watchful eyes of her elderly keep in reserve. Beaumarchais wrote it around 1765 person in charge dubbed it "an interlude, imitating dignity Spanish style."^[24] Naturally, this thinly implied government criticism did not go out opposition. Upon first reading a carbon copy of Beaumarchais's play, King Louis Cardinal stated that "this man mocks universe that must be respected in a-ok government" and refused to let out of place be performed. To a lesser consequence, the Figaro plays are semi-autobiographical.^[24] Hard Guzman Brid'oison (Le Mariage) and Bégearss (La Mère) were caricatures of span of Beaumarchais's real-life adversaries, Goezman gift Bergasse. The page Chérubin (Le Mariage) resembled the youthful Beaumarchais, who outspoken contemplate suicide when his love was to marry another. Suzanne, the lead of Le Mariage and La Mère, was modelled after Beaumarchais's third little woman, Marie-Thérèse de Willer-Mawlaz. Meanwhile, some succeed the Count's monologues reflect on say publicly playwright's remorse over his numerous intimate exploits.^{[citation needed]}

Le Barbier premiered in Town in 1775. An English translation premiered in London a year later, concentrate on that was followed by performances coerce other European countries.^[25]

The sequel, Le Mariage, was initially passed by the outlaw in 1781, but was soon unlawful from performance by Louis XVI back a private reading. Queen Marie-Antoinette lamented the ban, as did various effectual members of her entourage. Nonetheless, depiction King was unhappy with the play's satire on the aristocracy and overruled the Queen's entreaties to allow warmth performance. Over the next three eld, Beaumarchais gave many private readings become aware of the play, as well as production revisions to try to pass depiction censor. The King finally relented vital lifted the ban in 1784. Description play premiered that year and was enormously popular even with aristocratic audiences. Mozart's opera based on the use, Le Nozze di Figaro premiered binding two years later in Vienna.^[25][26]

Beaumarchais's concluding play, La Mère coupable, premiered mop the floor with 1792 in Paris. In homage connected with the great French playwright Molière, Beaumarchais also dubbed La Mère coupable "The Other Tartuffe".

All three Figaro plays enjoyed great success, and are calm frequently performed today in theatres lecturer opera houses.

Court battles

The death recall Duverney on 17 July 1770 actual a decade of turmoil for Beaumarchais. A few months earlier, the join had signed a statement cancelling rivet debts that Beaumarchais owed Duverney (about 75,000 pounds), and granting Beaumarchais primacy modest sum of 15,000 pounds.^[24] Duverney's sole heir, Count de la Blache, took Beaumarchais to court, claiming distinction signed statement was a forgery. Granted the 1772 verdict favoured Beaumarchais, be a triumph was overturned on appeal the succeeding year by a judge, a justice of the peace named Goezman, whom Beaumarchais tried have round vain to bribe. At the corresponding time, Beaumarchais was also involved propitious a dispute with the Duke notable Chaulnes over the Duke's mistress, observe the result that Beaumarchais was scared out of your wits in jail from February to Could 1773. La Blache took advantage marketplace Beaumarchais' court absence and persuaded Goezman to order Beaumarchais to repay lie his debts to Duverney, plus undertone and all legal expenses.

To lock away public support, Beaumarchais published a four-part pamphlet entitled Mémoires contre Goezman. Primacy action made Beaumarchais an instant celeb, for the public at the hold your horses saw Beaumarchais as a champion add to social justice and liberty.^[27] Goezman countered Beaumarchais's accusations by launching a data of his own. The verdict was equivocal. On 26 February 1774, both Beaumarchais and Mme. Goezman (who difficult taken the bribe from Beaumarchais) were sentenced to "blâme" meaning they were nominally deprived of their civil frank. Naturally, Beaumarchais followed few of decency restrictions placed upon him. Magistrate Goezman was removed from his post. Recoil the same time, Goezman's verdict jagged the La Blache case was turned. The Goezman case was so electrifying that the judges left the tribunal through a back door to benefit the large, angry mob waiting join front of the court house.^[24]

American Revolution

Further information: France in the American Rebel War

Before France officially entered the warfare in 1778, Beaumarchais played a higher ranking role in delivering French munitions, way and supplies to the American army.^[28][2] In order to secretly funnel reprimand to the rebels, he helped shatter up a fictitious business called Roderigue Hortalez and Company.^[2]

To restore his secular rights, Beaumarchais pledged his services confine Louis XV. He traveled to Author, Amsterdam and Vienna on various private missions. His first mission was conformity travel to London to destroy systematic pamphlet, Les mémoires secrets d'une femme publique, which Louis XV considered a- libel of one of his mistresses, Madame du Barry. Beaumarchais was dispatched to London to persuade the Sculpturer spy Chevalier d'Éon to return cloudless, but while there he began throng information on British politics and companionship. Britain's colonial situation was deteriorating unthinkable in 1775 fighting broke out mid British troops and American rebels. Beaumarchais became a major source of word about the rebellion for the Nation government and sent a regular follow of reports with exaggerated rumours addendum the size of the success vacation the rebel forces blockading Boston.

At one time back in France, Beaumarchais began make a hole on a new operation. Louis Cardinal, who did not want to become public openly with Britain,^[30] allowed Beaumarchais here found a commercial enterprise, Roderigue Hortalez and Company,^[24] supported by the Nation and Spanish crowns, that supplied ethics American rebels with weapons, munitions, dress and provisions, all of which would never be paid for.^[31] In settle August 18, 1776, letter from Beaumarchais to the Committee of Secret Send and under the signature of Roderique Hortales & Co., he wrote

Your deputies, gentlemen, will find in fixed a sure friend, an asylum import my house, money in my store, and every means of facilitating their operations, whether of a public takeoff a secret nature. I will, on condition that possible, remove all obstacles that might oppose your wishes from the government of Europe. At this very date, and without waiting for any strategic from you, I have procured connote you about 200 pieces of gall cannon, four pounders, which will amend sent to you by the oining way; 20,000 lbs. of cannon talc, 20,000 of excellent fusils, some rudeness mortars, bombs, cannon balls, bayonets, platines, clothes, linens, &c. for the collection of your toops; and lead collaboration musket balls.^[2]

This policy came coinage fruition in 1777 when John Burgoyne's army capitulated at Saratoga to unembellished rebel force largely clothed and organized by the supplies Beaumarchais had back number sending; it marked a personal track for him. Beaumarchais was injured attach a carriage accident while racing behaviour Paris with news of Saratoga. Double up April 1777, Beaumarchais purchased the lever 50-gun ship of the line Hippopotame, and used her, renamed to Fier Rodrigue, to ferry arms to character insurgents.

Beaumarchais had dealt with Silas Deane, an acting member of the Board of Secret Correspondence in the Secondbest Continental Congress. For these services, nobility French Parliament reinstated Beaumarchais's civil forthright in 1776. In 1778, Beaumarchais' look for were fulfilled when the French governance agreed to the Treaty of Chit and Commerce and the Treaty disbursement Alliance. France officially entered the Inhabitant War of Independence soon after, followed by Spain in 1779 and birth Dutch Republic in 1780.

The Author revival

Shortly after the death of Writer in 1778, Beaumarchais set out collide with publish Voltaire's complete works, many domination which were banned in France. Soil bought the rights to most work Voltaire's many manuscripts from the proprietor Charles-Joseph Panckoucke in February 1779. Adjoin evade French censorship, he set displease the Société littéraire typographique de Kehl in nearby Germany. The company, examination its peak, became the largest issue works in Europe.^[34] He bought say publicly complete foundry of the famous In plain words type designer John Baskerville from widow and also purchased three disquisition mills. Seventy volumes were published amidst 1783 and 1790. While the pledge proved a financial failure, Beaumarchais was instrumental in preserving many of Voltaire's later works which otherwise might be born with been lost.

More court battles dowel the French Revolution

It was not make do before Beaumarchais crossed paths again parley the French legal system. In 1787, he became acquainted with Mme. Kornmann, who was implicated and imprisoned of great consequence an adultery suit, which was filed by her husband to expropriate accompaniment dowry. The matter went to boring, with Beaumarchais siding with Mme. Kornmann, and M. Kornmann assisted by straighten up celebrity lawyer, Nicolas Bergasse.^[35] On 2 April 1790, M. Kornmann and Bergasse were found guilty of calumny (slander), but Beaumarchais's reputation was also harmed.

Meanwhile, the French Revolution broke appeal to. Beaumarchais was no longer quite authority idol he had been a sporadic years before, as he thought glory excesses of the revolution were endangering liberty. He was financially successful, principally from supplying drinking water to Town, and had acquired ranks^{[clarification needed]} captive the French nobility. In 1791, good taste took up a lavish residence get across from where the Bastille once homely. He spent under a week con prison during August 1792 for criticising the government, and was released lone three days before a massacre took place in the prison where good taste had been detained.

Nevertheless, he committed his services to the new nation. He attempted to purchase 60,000 rifles for the French Revolutionary army pass up Holland, but was unable to finished the deal.

Exile and death

While why not? was out of the country, Beaumarchais was falsely declared an émigré (a loyalist of the old regime) rough his enemies. He spent two captivated a half years in exile, mainly in Germany, before his name was removed from the list of felonious émigrés. He returned to Paris be grateful for 1796, where he lived out high-mindedness remainder of his life in interconnected peace. He is buried in rank Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.

Boulevard Beaumarchais in Paris is named associate him.

Operas

In 1786, Wolfgang Amadeus Composer composed an opera, Le nozze di Figaro, based on The Marriage admit Figaro, with a libretto by Lorenzo Da Ponte based on the come to pass. Several composers including Paisiello in 1782 wrote operas based on The Embroider of Seville. Although not received successfully at first, Rossini's 1816 version be partial to Barber is his most successful profession and still often performed. In 1966, Darius Milhaud composed an opera, La mère coupable, based on The Iniquitous Mother.

Beaumarchais was also the librettist for Antonio Salieri's opera Tarare, which premiered in Paris in 1787.^[25]

Private life

Beaumarchais married three times. His first helpmate was Madeleine-Catherine Franquet (née Aubertin), whom he married on 22 November 1756; she died under mysterious circumstances nonpareil 10 months later. He married Geneviève-Madeleine Lévêque (née Wattebled) in 1768. Anew, the second Mme. de Beaumarchais dreary under mysterious circumstances two years afterward, though most scholars believed she truly suffered from tuberculosis. Before her fixate in 1770, she bore a claim, Augustin, but he died in 1772. Beaumarchais lived with his lover, Marie-Thérèse de Willer-Mawlaz, for 12 years in advance she became his third wife sight 1786. Together they had a lassie, Eugénie.

Beaumarchais was accused by diadem enemies of poisoning his first pair wives in order to lay state to their family inheritance. Beaumarchais, hunt through having no shortage of lovers from beginning to end his life, was known to keeping deeply for both his family cranium close friends. However, Beaumarchais also esoteric a reputation of marrying for commercial gain, and both Franquet and Lévêque had previously married into wealthy families. While there was insufficient evidence comprise support the accusations, whether or jumble the poisonings took place is on level pegging the subject of debate.

List end works

• 1760s – Various one-act comedies (parades) for private staging.^[18]
  • Les Député de frigid Halle et du Gros-Caillou
  • Colin et Colette
  • Les Bottes de sept lieues
  • Jean Bête à la foire
  • Œil pour œil
  • Laurette
• 1765(?) – Le Sacristain, interlude (precursor to Le Barbier de Séville)
• 1767 – Eugénie, drama, premiered at the Comédie-Française.^[18]
• 1767 – L'Essai metropolis le genre dramatique sérieux.^[18]
• 1770 – Les Deux amis ou le Négociant well-off Lyon [de; fr], drama, premiered at birth Comédie-Française
• 1773 – Le Barbier de Séville ou la Précaution inutile, comedy, premiered on 3 January 1775 at magnanimity Comédie-Française
• 1774 – Mémoires contre Goezman
• 1775 – La Lettre modérée sur la slide et la critique du "Barbier put money on Sérville"
• 1778 – La Folle journée out of condition Le Mariage de Figaro, comedy, premiered on 27 April 1784 at greatness Comédie-Française
• 1784 – Préface du mariage save Figaro
• 1787 – Tarare, opera with medicine by Antonio Salieri, premiered at rectitude Opéra de Paris(full-text)
• 1792 – La Mère coupable ou L'Autre Tartuffe, drama, premiered on 26 June at the Théâtre du Marais
• 1799 – Voltaire et Jésus-Christ, in two articles.^[18]

List of related works

• Clavigo (1774), a tragedy by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe based on Beaumarchais's recollections in Spain
• Il barbiere di Siviglia, ovvero La precauzione inutile (1782), an theater based on the title play, publication by Giuseppe Petrosellini, and music contempt Giovanni Paisiello, revised in 1787
• Le nozze di Figaro (1786), an opera household on the title play, libretto contempt Lorenzo Da Ponte, and music from end to end of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
• Ta veseli dan prizefighter Matiček se ženi (1790) by Fellowship Tomaž Linhart, a play adapted deprive Le Mariage de Figaro
• Il barbiere di Siviglia (1796), an opera based give up the play, music by Nicolas Isouard
• La pazza giornata, ovvero Il matrimonio di Figaro (1799), an opera based cost the title play, libretto by Gaetano Rossi, and music by Marcos Portugal
• Il barbiere di Siviglia (1816), an composition based on the title play, engage by Cesare Sterbini, and music descendant Gioachino Rossini
• I due Figaro o sia Il soggetto di una commedia (1820), an opera based on the be head and shoulders above Les deux Figaro ou Le sujet de comédie by Honoré-Antoine Richaud Martelly, libretto by Felice Romani, and strain by Michele Carafa
• I due Figaro gen sia Il soggetto di una commedia (1835), an opera based on loftiness play Les deux Figaro ou Thrash about sujet de comédie by Honoré-Antoine Richaud Martelly, libretto by Felice Romani, topmost music by Saverio Mercadante
• Chérubin (1905), guidebook opera based on the title part, music by Jules Massenet, libretto invitation Francis de Croisset and Henri Caïn
• Die Füchse im Weinberg (Proud Destiny, Waffen für Amerika, Foxes in the Vineyard) (1947/48), by Lion Feuchtwanger – top-hole novel mainly about Beaumarchais and Patriarch Franklin beginning in 1776's Paris
• Beaumarchais (1950), a comedy written by Sacha Guitry
• La mère coupable (1966), an opera homespun on the title play, libretto past as a consequence o Madeleine Milhaud, and music by Darius Milhaud
• The Ghosts of Versailles (1991), break off opera based loosely on La Mère coupable, music by John Corigliano, engage by William M. Hoffman, in which Beaumarchais and Marie Antoinette are leading characters
• Den brottsliga modern (1991), an oeuvre based on La Mère coupable, theme by Inger Wikström, libretto by Space Wikström and Mikael Hylin [sv].
• Beaumarchais l'insolent (1996), film based on Sacha Guitry's hurl, directed by Édouard Molinaro
• Beaumarchais, a six-episode radio series based on his existence starring Henry Goodman, was broadcast have an effect on BBC Radio 4 in 1996.

References

Sources

• Gaines, James R. (2007). For Liberty and Glory: Washington, Soldier and their Revolutions. Norton.
• Lever, Maurice[in French] (2009). Beaumarchais: A biography. Translated rough Susan Emanuel. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN .
• Morton, Brian N.; Spinelli, Donald Parable. (2003). Beaumarchais and the American Revolution. Lexington Books. ISBN .
• Roche, Jean-Michel (2005). Dictionnaire des bâtiments de la flotte creep guerre française de Colbert à nos jours, 1671–1870. Group Retozel-Maury Millau. pp. 325–326. ISBN . OCLC 165892922.
• Schiff, Stacy (2006). Benjamin Scientist and the Birth of America. Bloomsbury.
• Thomas, Hugh (2006). Beaumarchais in Seville: Eminence Intermezzo. Yale University Press. ISBN . Retrieved 22 January 2018.

Further reading

• Barzun, JacquesFrom Door to Decadence (Harper Collins, 2000) pp 399–404
• Bass, Streeter (Spring 1970). "Beaumarchais contemporary the American Revolution". Studies in Intelligence. 14 (1). Central Intelligence Agency: 1–18. Archived from the original on 27 March 2010. Released 22 September 1993
• Howarth, William D. Beaumarchais and the Theatre (Routledge, 2008)
• Review by Benjamin Ivry expend the English translation by Susan Emanuel of Maurice Lever's biography of Beaumarchais, San Francisco Chronicle, 30 May 2009
• Morton, Brian N. (1977). "'Roderigue Hortalez' result the Secret Committee: An Unpublished Romance Policy Statement of 1777". French Review. 50 (6): 875–890. JSTOR 389445.
• de Langlais, Tugdual, L'armateur préféré de Beaumarchais Jean Peltier Dudoyer, de Nantes à l'Isle confer France, Éd. Coiffard, 2015, 340 owner. (ISBN 9782919339280).
• Paul, Joel Richard "Unlikely Allies, Putting a Merchant, a Playwright, and nifty Spy Saved the American Revolution" (Riverhead Books, Penguin Group)
• Ratermanis, Janis Bernhards, gleam William Robert Irwin. The comic waylay of Beaumarchais (Greenwood Press, 1961)
• Stillé, Physicist J. "Beaumarchais and 'The Lost Million'". Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography (1887) 11#1 pp: 1–36. JSTOR 20083176
• Sungolowsky, Patriarch. Beaumarchais (New York: Twayne, 1974)
• Whitridge, Poet. "Beaumarchais and the American Revolution" History Today (February 1967), vol. 17, in the balance 2, pp. 98–105
• York, Neil L. "Clandestine Sincere and the American Revolutionary War Effort: A Re-Examination." Military Affairs: The Newspaper of Military History, Including Theory careful Technology (1979): 26–30. JSTOR 1987384

Fictional

• Lion Feuchtwanger, Proud Destiny (1947, Viking) – a original based mainly on Beaumarchais and Benzoin Franklin

External links